Anti-Scorpion Serum (Polyvalent)

CRITICAL WARNING: This information is for educational purposes only. Anti-Scorpion Serum is an emergency medical treatment that must ONLY be administered by qualified healthcare professionals in a clinical setting where anaphylactic shock can be managed. It is NOT for self-administration.

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Anti-Scorpion Serum (Polyvalent): A Guide to the Emergency Antivenom

Manufacturer: Egyptian Organization for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA)

Category: Antivenom / Passive Immunotherapy Agent

Active Ingredient: Purified, concentrated antibodies (immunoglobulins) derived from the plasma of horses immunized against the venoms of multiple scorpion species.

Available Forms:

• Liquid: Ready-to-use 1 ml ampoules.
• Lyophilized: Freeze-dried powder in vials, supplied with a diluent for reconstitution.

Summary

Polyvalent Anti-Scorpion Serum is a life-saving emergency treatment used for scorpion stings. It is a "polyvalent" antivenom, meaning it contains a mixture of antibodies capable of neutralizing the venom from several of the most dangerous scorpion species common to the region (including *Leiurus*, *Androctonus*, and *Buthus* species). It works by directly binding to and inactivating the venom toxins circulating in the victim's body, preventing them from causing further harm.

Mechanism of Action: How the Antivenom Works

This serum provides what is known as "passive immunity." Unlike a vaccine that stimulates your body to create its own antibodies (active immunity), this serum delivers pre-made, purified antibodies from horses. These antibodies have been specifically produced to recognize and bind to the toxic components of scorpion venom. Once bound, the venom-antibody complex is neutralized and can no longer interact with the victim's nervous system or other tissues, allowing the body to clear it safely.

Therapeutic Indications: When is Anti-Scorpion Serum Used?

The sole indication is the treatment of poisoning from the stings of susceptible scorpion species. It is administered as soon as possible after a sting, especially if systemic signs of envenomation (symptoms beyond local pain and swelling) are present.

Dosage and Administration

CRITICAL DOSING PRINCIPLE: Children are more severely affected by scorpion stings than adults and must receive the same dose as adults (or sometimes more), irrespective of their age or body weight. The dose is calculated to neutralize the amount of venom, not based on the patient's size.

• Administration: Must be done under strict medical supervision.
  • Mild Cases (local signs only): May be given via intramuscular (IM) or subcutaneous (SC) injection.
  • Severe Cases: Must be given by slow intravenous (IV) drip, usually diluted with normal saline.
• Dosage:
  • Local Signs Only (e.g., pain/swelling on a limb): 1 to 5 ampoules.
  • Systemic Signs of Poisoning: Up to 10 ampoules may be required.
  • The dose may be increased if treatment is delayed or if the sting is on the head, neck, or torso.

Key Contraindications, Warnings, and Safety

• Contraindications: There are no absolute contraindications in a life-threatening envenomation, but extreme caution is required in patients with a known hypersensitivity to equine (horse) serum.
• Anaphylaxis Risk: This is the most serious risk. The patient's body can have a severe allergic reaction (anaphylactic shock) to the horse proteins in the serum. For this reason, it must only be administered in a medical facility where Adrenaline (Epinephrine), corticosteroids, and antihistamines are immediately available.
• Storage and Handling: The serum must be stored in a refrigerator (2°C - 8°C) and must not be frozen. It should not be used if it is turbid, expired, or shows any precipitation.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Why do children get the same dose as adults?

A scorpion injects a relatively fixed amount of venom. In a small child, this fixed amount of venom results in a much higher and more dangerous concentration in the body. The goal of the antivenom is to neutralize the venom itself, so the dose required depends on the amount of venom, not the size of the patient.

What does "Polyvalent" mean?

"Polyvalent" means the serum is effective against multiple (poly) types of venom. This is crucial because it is often impossible to identify the exact species of scorpion that caused the sting in an emergency. A polyvalent serum provides broad coverage against the most likely culprits in a specific geographic region.

Is this serum a vaccine? Will I be immune to scorpion stings after getting it?

No. This is not a vaccine. It provides temporary, "passive" immunity by giving you borrowed antibodies that last for a short time. It does not teach your body how to make its own antibodies, and you will not have any long-term immunity to future stings.

Sources

1. WHO Antivenom Database
2. Scorpion Sting: A Public Health Problem - Review (NCBI)
3. Official Product Leaflet for Anti-Scorpion Serum.